Summary
Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations model a reduced-scale Manzanares pilot plant replica operating without turbine load. Spanwise vortices form close to the air intake under the canopy and give way to streamwise vortices midway along it, which the authors link to a mixed-convection channel instability. The updraft separates at the tower base and behind the turbine support, and it is turbulent throughout the tower.
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